Mental Peace

The Right to Mental Peace and Freedom from Emotional Abuse: Expanding the Horizons of Human Rights

Introduction Human rights have traditionally focused on tangible and visible violations—torture, imprisonment, censorship, and discrimination. However, as societies evolve and the understanding of psychological well-being deepens, there is a growing recognition that mental peace and freedom from emotional abuse must also be enshrined as fundamental human rights. Emotional abuse, while less visible than physical violence, […]

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minority rights

Minority Rights in International Law: A Comprehensive Overview

1. Introduction Minority rights have evolved as a crucial component of international human rights law. They seek to ensure that individuals who belong to minority groups are not marginalized, discriminated against, or denied opportunities to preserve their distinct cultural, religious, linguistic, and ethnic identities. The evolution of minority rights reflects the transition from a state-centric

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International Criminal Court

International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Justice

Introduction The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent international tribunal created to investigate and prosecute individuals for the most serious crimes under international law: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Established by the Rome Statute in 1998 and operational from July 1, 2002, it represents a historic milestone

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Genocide Convention

Genocide: Legal Definition, The Genocide Convention & Global Responsibility

1. Introduction The term “genocide” denotes one of the most heinous crimes against humanity. The United Nations Genocide Convention, formally the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, marks a defining moment in international law. As the first human rights treaty passed by the UN General Assembly, it sets clear obligations

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Article 51

Article 51 of the United Nations Charter: Historical Evolution, Legal Interpretation, and Contemporary Relevance

Introduction The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a transformative moment in the history of international law and diplomacy. Emerging from the devastation of the Second World War, the UN Charter was designed as a framework to promote peace, prevent conflict, and uphold international cooperation. Among its many provisions, Article 51 of the

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African Charter on Human Rights

African Charter on Human Rights: A Continental Commitment to Dignity and Justice

Introduction The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights—commonly referred to as the Banjul Charter—stands as a landmark legal instrument that defines the contours of human rights within Africa. Adopted on June 27, 1981, by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and coming into force on October 21, 1986, the African Charter on Human Rights

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India's Foreign Policy

India’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century: From Soft Power to Strategic Assertiveness

India’s Foreign Policy Foreign policy is the framework through which a nation engages with the rest of the world. It reflects a country’s national interests, values, and objectives and dictates how it interacts with other countries and international institutions. Broadly, foreign policy encompasses diplomacy, economic engagement, defense cooperation, cultural exchanges, and strategic alliances. It is

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India-US Relations

India-US Relations: A Strategic Friendship Anchored in Shared Democratic Values and a Common Fight Against Terrorism

India-US Relations India and the United States, two of the most influential democracies in the world, have traversed a long and complex path to reach the stage of a robust strategic partnership. While one is the oldest democracy and the other the largest, the evolution of their bilateral relations reflects the growing convergence of political

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India Pakistan Ceasefires

The Fragile Peace: A History of India Pakistan Ceasefires (1947-2025)

The India-Pakistan ceasefires stand significant in international relations, highlighting the fragile peace between two nuclear-armed states and underscoring the urgent global stakes of conflict de-escalation in South Asia. The history of India-Pakistan relations has been marked by recurring cycles of conflict and temporary peace. Since the partition of British India in 1947, both nations have

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Ceasefire

Ceasefire: Legal and Political Dimensions in International Law and International Relations

The concept of ceasefire occupies a critical space in both international law and diplomatic practice. It represents a temporary or permanent suspension of hostilities between warring parties, often with the aim of creating conditions conducive to peace negotiations or humanitarian relief. While often used interchangeably with terms like truce, armistice, or peace agreement, each term

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1971 Indo-Pak War

1971 Indo-Pak War and the Birth of Bangladesh: A Turning Point in South Asian Politics

The 1971 Indo-Pak war remains one of the most significant and transformative events in South Asian history. More than just a military conflict, it marked the end of a long-standing internal crisis within Pakistan and gave birth to a new nation, Bangladesh. It also reshaped regional politics, redefined India’s role on the global stage, and

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Mock Drills

Mock Drills as Strategic Signaling: The Role of Simulated Exercises in International Relations

Mock Drills In the lexicon of international diplomacy and defense, military and civil mock drills have long transcended their original purpose of preparedness. Today, they serve as a potent tool of strategic signaling in the international system. From NATO’s war games in Eastern Europe to Indo-Pacific joint naval exercises, mock drills often act as choreographed

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