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What is the JCPOA? The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal, was a landmark agreement finalized in July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 countries — the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany — along with the European Union. The goal was to ensure that […]

What is Political Thought? Political thought is the study of ideas, theories, and principles about power, government, justice, and how societies are organized and governed. Political thought is one of the oldest and most important fields of study in human history. It deals with ideas, theories, and principles that help us understand how societies are

Introduction The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a defining moment in the history of human rights, as it laid the foundation for modern democratic principles and individual freedoms. Rooted in the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, the revolution sought to dismantle the oppressive monarchy and establish a government based on the rights of the people.

I. What is Judicial Activism Judicial activism refers to the proactive role played by the judiciary in interpreting and applying laws to address societal issues, often stepping beyond traditional boundaries to uphold justice, protect fundamental rights, and ensure the rule of law. This approach enables courts to influence public policy and effect social change, especially

Introduction The Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities (DHDR) is a significant international document that complements human rights by emphasizing the responsibilities individuals and nations hold toward society, the environment, and future generations. While human rights frameworks, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), primarily focus on the entitlements of individuals, the DHDR

Environmental justice is a crucial aspect of human rights, law, and governance, ensuring that all people, regardless of socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or nationality, have access to a clean and safe environment. Over the years, courts worldwide have played a pivotal role in shaping environmental jurisprudence, holding governments and corporations accountable for environmental degradation. This article

1. The Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India stands as the highest judicial authority in the country, ensuring justice, constitutional supremacy, and the protection of fundamental rights in the world’s largest democracy. Established under the Constitution of India, it serves as the final interpreter of the law, upholding democratic values and ensuring

Introduction The concept of “Due Process of Law” is a fundamental principle in legal systems that ensures the fair treatment of individuals under the law. It acts as a safeguard against arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government. Originating from the Magna Carta (1215), this principle has evolved significantly, becoming an essential

Introduction The concept of “procedure established by law“ is a fundamental principle in the legal and constitutional framework of many democratic nations. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that state actions, particularly those that affect individual human rights, are conducted within the framework of predefined legal procedures. This doctrine emphasizes that a law duly

1. Trump’s 2025 Return President Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency in 2025 has largely affected the global politics. In his new term, Trump has swiftly reasserted his “America First” doctrine, reshaping U.S. foreign policy in ways that are reverberating across major world powers. Allies and adversaries alike are scrambling to respond to Washington’s